Vad hände efter holodomor

The second physical element was the ban on migration from Ukraine and the North Caucasus. The third physical element is that 'Stalin made no effort to secure grain assistance from abroad[. If the present author were a member of the jury trying this case he would support a verdict of not guilty or possibly the Scottish verdict of not proven. The reasons for this are as follows. First, the three physical elements in the alleged crime can all be given non-genocidal interpretations. Secondly, the two mental elements are not unambiguous evidence of genocide. Suspicion of an ethnic group may lead to genocide, but by itself is not evidence of genocide. Hence it would seem that the necessary proof of specific intent is lacking. Ellman states that in the end it all depends on the definition of genocide [49] and that if Stalin was guilty of genocide in the Holodomor, then "[m]any other events of the —53 era e. Historian Hiroaki Kuromiya finds it persuasive.

Stanislav Kulchytsky recognizes the Holodomor as a genocide. He criticizes scholars' approach to study the history of the USSR with a "standard toolbox", which in his opinion does not work in the case of a country whose system does not follow basic principles of a natural historical process and evolution and was born out of a concept that existed inside one person 's mind. According to Kulchytsky, Holodomor requires a comprehensive study of the political, social, and national aspects of the socialist construction, which has to be approached with the realization that "appearance belied reality"; Kulchytsky believes that real intentions of some ideas and policies would not be put on paper. In his analysis, Kulchytsky believes that before the second half of , there was no intention to murder by starvation. He acknowledges that Stalin made some concessions in as a response to the disturbances and when the famine broke out at the beginning of , Stalin actually sent some relief to the regions that were struck by the famine.

However, the grain procurement in the second half of was still underdelivering and unrests did not die down — for the first half of , OGPU recorded disturbances in Ukraine, in the North Caucasus, and only 43 in the Central Black Earth Oblast out of 1, total. Reports two years prior recorded over 4, unrests in Ukraine, while in other agricultural regions - Central Black Earth, Middle Volga, Lower Volga, and North Caucasus - the numbers were sightly above 1, OGPU's summaries also cited public proclamations of Ukrainian insurgents to restore the independence of Ukraine , while reports by the Ukrainian officials included information about the declining popularity and authority of the party among peasants. According to Kulchytsky, these reports, combined with the overall economic crisis that weakened Stalin's positions within the party, the beginning of a national revival due to Ukrainization and distrust in Ukrainians in general, increased Stalin's fear of the possible "loss" of Ukraine; as proof he cites several letters sent by Stalin to highest-ranked officials, including a letter previously cited by James Mace.

A resolution of the central committee of the Communist Party Bolsheviks of Ukraine published on November 18, combined with a telegram sent by Stalin to the Ukrainian officials on January 1, , in which he demanded from the village councils to notify all farmers to deliver "previously stolen and hidden grain" to the state against those who ignored the demand "harshest punitive measures" would be applied , essentially enabled mass blacklisting of Ukrainian villages followed by mass seizures of all food in those villages. Analyzing mortality, he claims that it reflects the ethnic distribution of the rural population of Ukraine. Ethnic Ukrainian, Moldovan and Bulgarian people were disproportionately affected by the famine mainly because of their rural status. However, when comparing mortality among regions, Kulchytsky points out two territories which stood out significantly among others, even when taking into account the dependence of regions on agriculture and grain — Ukrainian SSR and Kuban , the two regions where at least approximately two-thirds of the population was Ukrainians.

Navigeringsmeny

Kulchytsky also criticized Davies and Wheatcroft for the statement that procurements "were allocated among the republics, provinces, and districts with particular assignments for state farms, collective farms, and individual farmers" without adding any further information; he questioned why Ukraine produced more grain in than Central Black Earth Oblast , Middle and Lower Volga and North Caucasus regions all together, which had never been done before, and on average gave 4. Ukraine produced a similar amount of grain in , but by the late spring of "many districts were left with no reserves of produce or fodder at all". Hiroaki Kuromiya states that although the famine was man-made and much of the deaths could have been avoided had it not been for Stalin's agricultural policies, he finds the evidence for the charge of genocide to be insufficient, and states that it is unlikely that Stalin intentionally caused the famine to kill millions, that he used famine as an alternative to the ethnic deportations that were commonly used as collective punishment under Stalin's rule, or that the famine was specifically engineered to target Ukrainians.

Noting that Stalin had few qualms with killing opponents of his rule and directly ordered several episodes of mass murder, Kuromiya finds the absence of an order to engineer a famine as punishment as unusual, in contrast to the Great Purge and the various deportations and 'national operations' which he personally ordered, and as pointing to the unlikelihood of Stalin deliberately orchestrating mass starvation. He also cites several measures taken by the Soviet government that, although ineffective, provide evidence against the intentionalist thesis, such as nine occasions of curtailing grain exports from different famine-stricken regions and clandestinely purchasing foreign aid to help alleviate the famine. Professor of East European studies Norman Naimark states that the Holodomor's deaths were intentional and thus were genocide. The Ukrainian killer famine should be considered an act of genocide. There is enough evidence—if not overwhelming evidence—to indicate that Stalin and his lieutenants knew that the widespread famine in the USSR in —33 hit Ukraine particularly hard, and that they were ready to see millions of Ukrainian peasants die as a result.

They made no efforts to provide relief; they prevented the peasants from seeking food themselves in the cities or elsewhere in the USSR; and they refused to relax restrictions on grain deliveries until it was too late. Stalin's hostility to the Ukrainians and their attempts to maintain their form of "home rule" as well as his anger that Ukrainian peasants resisted collectivization fueled the killer famine.

Holodomor genocide question - Wikipedia

In the waning weeks of , facing no external security threat and no challenge from within, with no conceivable justification except to prove the inevitability of his rule, Stalin chose to kill millions of people in Soviet Ukraine. It was not food shortages but food distribution that killed millions in Soviet Ukraine, and it was Stalin who decided who was entitled to what. If you asked me, is the Ukrainian Holodomor genocide? Yes, in my view, it is. In my view, it meets the criteria of the law of genocide of , the Convention — it meets the ideas that Raphael Lemkin laid down. Is Armenia genocide? Yes, I believe legally it very easily meets that qualification. I just don't think that means what people think it means. Because there are people who hear the word "genocide" and they think it means the attempt to kill every man woman and child, and the Armenian genocide is closer to the Holocaust than most other cases, right, but it's not the same thing.

So, I hesitate to use "genocide" because I think every time the word "genocide" is used it provokes misunderstanding. Ronald Grigor Suny contrasts the intentions and motivation for the Holodomor and other Soviet mass killings with those of the Armenian genocide. He states that "although on moral grounds one form of mass killing is as reprehensible as another", for social scientists and historians "there is utility in restricting the term 'genocide' to what might more accurately be referred to as ' ethnocide ,' that is, the deliberate attempt to eliminate a designated group. Suny states that "Stalin's intentions and actions during the Ukrainian famine, no matter what sensationalist claims are made by nationalists and anti-Communists, were not the extermination of the Ukrainian people", and "a different set of explanations is required" for the Holodomor as well as for the Great Purges , the Gulag , and the Soviet ethnic cleansings of minority ethnic groups.

According to Stephen Kotkin , while "there is no question of Stalin's responsibility for the famine" and many deaths could have been prevented if not for the "insufficient" and counterproductive Soviet measures, there is no evidence for Stalin's intention to kill the Ukrainians deliberately. According to Kotkin, the Holodomor "was a foreseeable byproduct of the collectivization campaign that Stalin forcibly imposed, but not an intentional murder. He needed the peasants to produce more grain, and to export the grain to buy the industrial machinery for the industrialization. Peasant output and peasant production was critical for Stalin's industrialization. Historian Viktor Kondrashin asserts that Stalin's forced collectivisation programme drastically decreased peasants' quality of life and that it was the leading catalyst of the famine, and that although a notable drought did occur in , it and other natural factors were not the primary causes of the famine.

However, he rejects the claim that the famine was a targeted genocide of Ukrainians or any other ethnic group in the Soviet Union. According to Kondrashin, in some aspects, conditions for peasants were actually even worse and oppressive laws concerning agriculture even harsher in the Russian regions of the Kuban and Lower Volga, making the genocide thesis untenable in his view. While dismissing the notion that the famine was a genocide, Kondrashin does note, however, that Stalin took advantage of the famine crisis to neutralise the Ukrainian intelligentsia on the pretexts that they were a subversive force behind anti-Soviet uprisings by peasants. Kondrashin also assigns part of the blame for the famine to foreign governments that continued to trade with and buy food from the Soviet Union, in particular the United Kingdom , which imported approximately two million tonnes of Soviet grain during the famine years of and According to a Centre for Economic Policy Research paper published in by Andrei Markevich, Natalya Naumenko, and Nancy Qian , regions with higher Ukrainian population shares were struck harder with centrally planned policies corresponding to famine such as increased procurement rate, [64] and Ukrainian populated areas were given lower amounts of tractors which the paper argues demonstrates that ethnic discrimination across the board was centrally planned; she points out that mortality rates in Ukraine were four to six times higher than in Russia.

Grynevych provides commentary in her article " The Present State of Ukrainian Historiography on the Holodomor and Prospects for Its Development " on the need to be cautious around pseudo-academic publications that present research on the question of whether the Holodomor was a genocide for other political motives, such as the work from the antisemitic [66] Interregional Academy of Personnel Management based in Ukraine. After campaigns from the Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the recognition of the Holodomor as a genocide, [15] the governments of various countries have issued statements recognizing the Holodomor as genocide including Ukraine [68] and 14 other countries, as of [update] , including Australia, Canada, Germany, Georgia, Mexico, Peru and Poland. In November , the Holodomor was recognized as a genocide by Germany, Ireland, [69] Moldova, [16] Romania, [70] and the Belarusian opposition in exile. Peter's Square. Other political bodies whose legislatures have passed a resolution recognizing Holodomor as a genocide:.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. Question of whether the — famine in Ukraine constituted genocide. This article is about the debate on whether the Holodomor was genocide. For historical negationism, see Denial of the Holodomor. For the opinions and beliefs about the Holodomor among nations, see Holodomor in modern politics. This article contains too many or overly lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry. Please help improve the article by presenting facts as a neutrally worded summary with appropriate citations. Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote or, for entire works, to Wikisource. April Historical background. Responsible parties. Investigation and understanding. Further information: Holodomor in modern politics. Of course it is, if it leads to an increase in the level of deaths, as a result of insufficient care being taken to safeguard the lives of those put at risk when the high ambitions failed to be fulfilled, and especially when it was followed by a cover-up.

The same goes for not adjusting policy to unfolding evidence of crisis. But these are crimes of manslaughter and fraud rather than of murder. How heinous are they in comparison, say, with shooting over , citizens wrongly identified as enemies in , or in shooting 25, Poles identified as a security risk in , when there was no doubt as to the outcome of the orders? The conventional view is that manslaughter is less heinous than cold blooded murder. Therefore, in this other earlier interpretation, it could be argued that the Kazakh nomads faced genocide. This is in the same sense that Russian peasants faced destruction of their culture in the creation of the new Soviet man, and that North American Indians and Australian Aborigines faced cultural destruction at the hands of Soviet, North American, and Australian states.

Holodomor – Wikipedia

This is too close to the recorded figure of excess deaths, which is about 2. The latter figure must be substantially low, since many deaths were not recorded. Another demographic calculation, carried out on behalf of the authorities of independent Ukraine, provides the figure of 3. The truth is probably in between these numbers, where most of the estimates of respectable scholars can be found. It seems reasonable to propose a figure of approximately 3. Conquest cites 5 million deaths; Werth from 4 to 5 million; and Kul'chyts'kyi 3. Tsaplin indicates 2. Archived from the original on 17 September Retrieved 2 February The Conclusions of the forensic court demographic expertise of the Institute of Demography and Social Research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, dated November 30, , state that 3 million thousand people died as a result of the genocide perpetrated in Ukraine. Of these, thousand died in the period from February to December ; in — 3, thousand people died and in the first half of this number reached thousand people;v.

Archived from the original on 6 December Retrieved 21 July Europe-Asia Studies. Journal of Genocide Research. S2CID ISSN Wikidata Q Archived from the original on 22 October Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 19 January Retrieved 29 May Archived from the original on 15 June August Archived from the original on 8 June On 28 November , the Parliament of Ukraine, with the president's support and in consultation with the National Academy of Sciences, voted to recognize the Ukrainian Famine of —33 as a deliberate act of genocide against the Ukrainian people "Zakon Ukrainy pro Holodomor". A vigorous international campaign was subsequently initiated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to have the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and other governments do the same. The Kyiv Independent. Archived from the original on 25 December Retrieved 25 November Archived from the original on 15 December Retrieved 20 December Holodomor Education.

Archived from the original on 31 December Retrieved 26 December United States Congress. Archived from the original on 12 December Retrieved 13 December This is what the author of the term "genocide" thought]. Ist Pravda in Ukrainian. Archived from the original on 9 December Retrieved 9 December Radio Svoboda in Ukrainian. In Luciuk, Lubomyr Y. ISBN The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 5 August Retrieved 4 August Archived from the original on 25 January Retrieved 24 January University of Alberta. Archived from the original on 5 June In Serbyn, Roman; Krawchenko, Bohdan eds. Famine in Ukraine in — Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. Cornell University Press. Archived from the original on 28 January Retrieved 26 January Commission on the Ukraine Famine ; James Mace Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine Report to Congress 1st ed. Washington, D. Fall Canadian-American Slavic Studies. Archived from the original PDF on 25 March Retrieved 25 March London Review of Books.

Archived from the original on 9 January Retrieved 31 May Tauger, Associate Professor". Department of History West Virginia University. Archived from the original on 11 May Retrieved 10 May Slavic Review. JSTOR Food and Foodways. Ukraine Famine of —". The Ukrainian Weekly. LXX, no. Archived from the original on 12 November Retrieved 4 December University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts. Archived from the original on 9 May Retrieved 9 May Harvard Ukrainian Studies. Retrieved 8 April Demohrafichni naslidky holodomoru r. Vsesoyuznyy perepys r. Kyiv: Institute of History. Archived from the original on 31 October Retrieved 6 November The Moldavian, Polish, German and Bulgarian population lived almost entirely in the villages. Therefore, it suffered from hunger in the same proportions as Ukrainians. Stalin's Genocides. Human Rights and Crimes against Humanity. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Basic Books. Princeton University Press.

Lay summary in: Suny, Ronald Grigor 26 May International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Archived from the original on 8 October The American Interest Interview. Interviewed by Richard Aldous. Archived from the original on 14 March Archived from the original on 14 December Retrieved 14 December — via YouTube. Tillgänglig via på ryska Arkiverad 21 juli hämtat från the Wayback Machine. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians. Tillgänglig på ryska Arkiverad 21 juli hämtat från the Wayback Machine. Läst 20 april A History of Twentieth-Century Russia. Russian Revolution. Läst 16 oktober A History of Ukraine. New Haven, Yale University Press. Ukrainian National Association. Human Life in Russia. Cleveland: John T. This certainly helped to worsen the conditions for obtaining the harvest in ". A History of Russia. New York: Oxford University Press. Florinsky, Michael Russia: A Short History.

Toronto: Macmillan. The Washington Post , "There are no exact figures on how many died. Modern historians place the number between 2.

Statement by the President on Remembering Holodomor

Yushchenko and others have said at least 10 million were killed. Journal of Genocide Research "1" 2 : ss. Arkiverad från originalet den 15 juni Läst 16 juli David Marples Arkiverad 23 maj hämtat från the Wayback Machine. Arkiverad 15 juni hämtat från the Wayback Machine. Tillgänglig på ryska och ukrainska [ död länk ]. Arkiverad från originalet den 17 april Läst 27 november Läst 21 december Arkiverad 24 december hämtat från the Wayback Machine. Rysslands Röst. Arkiverad från originalet den 25 december Kyiv Independent. Läst 2 juli Första världskriget · Efter ryska revolutionen Ukrainska revolutionen · Västukrainska folkrepubliken · Ukrainska folkrepubliken Ukrainska staten · Ukrainska direktoratet. Orangea revolutionen · Rysk-ukrainska gaskonflikten · Ukrainsk-ryska handelsavtalet · Euromajdan · Krimkrisen · Kriget i Donbass · EU:s samarbetsavtal med Ukraina · Rysk-ukrainska kriget. Kategorier : i Sovjetunionen i Sovjetunionen Ukraina under talet Sovjetunionens historia Svältkatastrofer.

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